American frontier - Wikipedia. The American Frontier comprises the geography, history, folklore, and cultural expression of life in the forward wave of American expansion that began with English colonial settlements in the early 1. American historians cover multiple frontiers but the folklore is focused primarily on the 1.

History of the Turquoise Trail The Turquoise Trail Today The Turquoise Trail encompasses 15,000 square miles and is located in the heart of central New Mexico.

Mississippi River. Enormous popular attention in the media focused on the Western United States in the second half of the 1. Old West, or the Wild West, frequently exaggerating the romance and violence of the period. As defined by Hine and Faragher, . Historian Frederick Jackson Turner in his . Thus, Turner's Frontier Thesis proclaimed the westward frontier as the defining process of American history. As the American frontier passed into history, the myths of the West in fiction and film took firm hold in the imagination of Americans and foreigners alike.

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America is exceptional in choosing its iconic self- image. David Murdoch has said: . It moved steadily westward from the 1. Maine and Vermont, south into Florida, and east from California into Nevada). Turner favored the Census Bureau definition of the . The American frontier began when Jamestown, Virginia was settled by the English in 1.

In the earliest days of European settlement of the Atlantic coast, down to about 1. Atlantic coast. Only a few thousand French migrated to Canada; these habitants settled in villages along the St. Lawrence River, building communities that remained stable for long stretches; they did not simply jump west the way the British did.

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Although French fur traders ranged widely through the Great Lakes and mid- west region they seldom settled down. French settlement was limited to a few very small villages such as Kaskaskia, Illinois. Likewise, the Dutch set up fur trading posts in the Hudson River valley, followed by large grants of land to rich landowning patroons who brought in tenant farmers who created compact, permanent villages. They created a dense rural settlement in upstate New York, but they did not push westward. These areas remained primarily in subsistence agriculture, and as a result by the 1. Jackson Turner Main: The typical frontier society therefore was one in which class distinctions were minimized. The wealthy speculator, if one was involved, usually remained at home, so that ordinarily no one of wealth was a resident.

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The class of landless poor was small. The great majority were landowners, most of whom were also poor because they were starting with little property and had not yet cleared much land nor had they acquired the farm tools and animals which would one day make them prosperous. Few artisans settled on the frontier except for those who practiced a trade to supplement their primary occupation of farming.

There might be a storekeeper, a minister, and perhaps a doctor; and there were a number of landless laborers. All the rest were farmers. North Carolina was representative. Excel Ms Microsoft Conditional Formatting 2007. However frontier areas of 1. Rich men came in, bought up the good land, and worked it with slaves. The area was no longer . It had a stratified society comprising a powerful upper- class white landowning gentry, a small middle- class, a fairly large group of landless or tenant white farmers, and a growing slave population at the bottom of the social pyramid.

Unlike the North, where small towns and even cities were common, the South was overwhelmingly rural. Land ownership brought a degree of independence as well as a vote for local and provincial offices. The typical New England settlements were quite compact and small—under a square mile.

Conflict with the Native Americans arose out of political issues, namely who would rule. The series of large wars spilling over from European wars ended in a complete victory for the British in the worldwide Seven Years' War. In the peace treaty of 1.

France lost practically everything, as the lands west of the Mississippi river, in addition to Florida and New Orleans, went to Spain. Otherwise lands east of the Mississippi River and what is now Canada went to Britain. Steady migration to frontier lands. In the southern settlements via the Cumberland Gap, their most famous leader was Daniel Boone. West of the mountains, settlements were curtailed abruptly by a decree by the British crown in 1. The Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1.

Appalachian settlements from the Eastern Seaboard cities. Pioneers housed themselves in a rough lean- to or at most a one- room log cabin. The main food supply at first came from hunting deer, turkeys, and other abundant game. Clad in typical frontier garb, leather breeches, moccasins, fur cap, and hunting shirt, and girded by a belt from which hung a hunting knife and a shot pouch – all homemade – the pioneer presented a unique appearance.

In a short time he opened in the woods a patch, or clearing, on which he grew corn, wheat, flax, tobacco and other products, even fruit. Homespun clothing replaced the animal skins. The more restless pioneers grew dissatisfied with over civilized life, and uprooted themselves again to move 5. Land policy. By the 1. West was filling up with squatters who had no legal deed, although they may have paid money to previous settlers.

The Jacksonian Democrats favored the squatters by promising rapid access to cheap land. By contrast, Henry Clay was alarmed at the . Rich southerners, meanwhile, looked for opportunities to buy high- quality land to set up slave plantations. The Free Soil movement of the 1. Republican Party in 1. In 1. 78. 8, American pioneers to the Northwest Territory established Marietta, Ohio as the first permanent American settlement in the Northwest Territory.

It was later lengthened to reach the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville. The Wilderness Road was steep and rough, and it could only be traversed on foot or horseback, but it was the best route for thousands of settlers moving into Kentucky. In 1. 78. 4 alone, Indians killed over 1. Wilderness Road. No Indians lived permanently in Kentucky. One of those intercepted was Abraham Lincoln's grandfather, who was scalped in 1.

Louisville. The British war goal included the creation of an independent Indian state (under British auspices) in the Midwest. American frontier militiamen under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Creeks and opened the Southwest, while militia under Governor William Henry Harrison defeated the Indian- British alliance at the Battle of the Thames in Canada in 1. The death in battle of the Indian leader Tecumseh dissolved the coalition of hostile Indian tribes.

In general the frontiersmen battled the Indians with little help from the U. S. Army or the federal government. They rejected the British plan to set up an Indian state in U. S. They explained the American policy toward acquisition of Indian lands: The United States, while intending never to acquire lands from the Indians otherwise than peaceably, and with their free consent, are fully determined, in that manner, progressively, and in proportion as their growing population may require, to reclaim from the state of nature, and to bring into cultivation every portion of the territory contained within their acknowledged boundaries. In thus providing for the support of millions of civilized beings, they will not violate any dictate of justice or of humanity; for they will not only give to the few thousand savages scattered over that territory an ample equivalent for any right they may surrender, but will always leave them the possession of lands more than they can cultivate, and more than adequate to their subsistence, comfort, and enjoyment, by cultivation.

If this be a spirit of aggrandizement, the undersigned are prepared to admit, in that sense, its existence; but they must deny that it affords the slightest proof of an intention not to respect the boundaries between them and European nations, or of a desire to encroach upon the territories of Great Britain. Then when population reached 1.

Roy Rogers Biography. Happy Trails: The Life of Roy Rogers. By Laurence Zwisohn. Roy Rogers was everyone's image of what a cowboy should be, from his white Stetson with its silver hatband to his hand- tooled boots. His face was strong and handsome with eyes that squinted yet still showed a twinkle. His smile was warm and reassuring. Whether he was wearing fringed Western wear or a checkered cowboy shirt, he was the epitome of what a cowboy should be.

He was the picture of honesty and integrity. And was there ever a more exciting sight than watching Roy and Trigger riding majestically across the television screen or a rodeo arena? No wonder three generations of kids (and adults) wanted to be like Roy Rogers. We wanted to look like Roy, dress like Roy, and be as honest and forthright as Roy. He gave us standards to live by that helped teach us the difference between right and wrong. His willingness to stand up for the things he believed in inspired us.

And his religious faith and his concern for the less fortunate helped mold our character. Roy lived his life off camera with the same decency and humility that he projected on television and on the silver screen. He was the hero who never let us down. Despite all the success that came to him, Roy never seemed to lose his way. And he never forgot that his fans were the ones who made it possible for a poor boy from Ohio to attain a level of success greater than anything he could ever have imagined. His decency and strength of character come from a simpler time in America.

Yet it was anything but an easy time. Roy Rogers, the King of the Cowboys, was actually born in the city.

It was in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 5, 1. Leonard Slye (later to be known as Roy Rogers) was born to Mattie and Andy Slye.

Years later, the building where he was born was torn down to make way for Riverfront Stadium (recently renamed Cinergy Field), the home of the Cincinnati Reds baseball team. Roy liked to say that he was born right where second base is now located. But the Slye family was never cut out for city life, so a few months after Roy was born, Andy Slye moved his family to Portsmouth, Ohio (a hundred miles east of Cincinnati), where they lived on the houseboat that he and Roy's uncle built.

When Roy was seven years old his father decided it was time they settled on solid ground, so he bought a small farm in nearby Duck Run. Living on a farm meant long hours and hard work, but no matter how hard they worked the land there was little money to be made. Roy often said that about all they could raise on their farm were rocks. Microsoft Report Print Without Preview Sunday. Eventually Andy Slye realized that he'd have to return to his old factory job at the United States Shoe Company in Cincinnati if he was going to be able to support his family. Since his father would be able to return home only on weekends, this meant that even more of the responsibilities for farm chores fell onto Roy's young shoulders.

Mattie Slye suffered from lameness as a result of the polio she had contracted as a child, and Roy always marveled at the way she was able to raise four active children (Roy and his sisters, Mary, Cleda, and Kathleen) despite her disability. Still, farm life agreed with Roy, who often rode to school on Babe, the old, sulky racehorse his father had bought for him. According to Roy, . On Saturday nights the Slye family often invited some of their neighbors over for a square dance, during which Roy would sing and play the mandolin.

Before long he became skilled at calling square dances, and throughout the years he always enjoyed finding opportunities to showcase this talent in his films and television appearances. It was also while he was growing up on the farm in Duck Run that Roy learned to yodel. Andy Slye had brought home a cylinder player (the predecessor to the phonograph) along with some cylinders, including one by a Swiss yodeler. Roy played that cylinder again and again and soon began developing his own yodeling style. Before long, Roy and his mother worked out a way of communicating with each other by using different types of yodels. Mattie would use one type of yodel to let Roy know that it was time for lunch, another to warn that a storm was brewing, and still another to call him in at the end of the day.

Roy would then relay that message to his sisters by yodeling across the fields to them. By the time Roy had completed his second year of high school, it was clear that their farm would never support the family, so he made the difficult decision to drop out of school and take a job with his father at the shoe factory in Cincinnati. Roy quickly discovered that factory work was just as hot, monotonous, and unpleasant for him as it was for his father. Since his older sister Mary had married and moved to Lawndale, California (close to Los Angeles), Roy and his father decided they should quit their jobs, pack up the car, and take the family out to visit her. Somehow their old car held together, and they eventually made it to Lawndale.

A few months later Roy returned to Southern California, where the rest of his family soon joined him. Although the Depression was growing worse by the day, Roy and his father had hoped that jobs would be easier to find on the West Coast than they were in Ohio. However, California turned out to be just as hard hit as the rest of the country. Jobs were hard to come by, and they didn't tend to last very long.

Roy worked at anything he could find, including driving a gravel truck on a highway construction crew until the truck's owner went bankrupt. In the spring of 1. Roy went up to Tulare (located in central California's farm belt), where he picked peaches for Del Monte and lived in the same labor camps John Steinbeck wrote about so powerfully in his classic novel, .

Although Roy was reluctant, Mary finally talked her brother into going on the program. A few nights later, wearing a Western shirt his sister had made for him, Roy overcame his innate shyness and appeared on the program, where he sang, yodeled, and played the guitar. Years later, Roy said that he was so nervous when he came to the microphone that afterward he never could remember what songs he sang that night. Still, he must have done all right, because a few days later he received a phone call asking if he'd like to join a local country music group called The Rocky Mountaineers. Despite his shyness Roy was always willing to reach out for any opportunity that came his way, so he accepted the group's offer and became a member of the band in August of 1.

Before long, he began urging the group to let him find another vocalist, so they could harmonize together. Eventually they gave in, and he placed an ad in the Los Angeles Examiner seeking a . Bob had spent the summer working as a lifeguard at Venice Beach, and the long walk from the old red car trolley line to the house where The Rocky Mountaineers were rehearsing had caused his new shoes to give him blisters. But with or without shoes, Bob Nolan was a singular talent. As soon as Roy heard Bob yodel, his eyes lit up, and Bob said he knew he had the job.

Before long, Bob's friend Bill . Roy placed another newspaper ad, and Tim Spencer became the newest member of the group. In September 1. 93.

Roy, Tim, and Slumber left The Rocky Mountaineers and worked briefly with The International Cowboys. In June 1. 93. 3 Roy and Tim joined a new group called The O- Bar- O Cowboys and embarked on what turned out to be a disastrous tour of the Southwest. The Depression had hit rock bottom and entertainment was something most people simply couldn't afford. The boys barely made enough money to pay for gasoline as they drove throughout Arizona and New Mexico in the heat of summer in the days before air conditioning. Roy recalled, . We ate jack rabbits, we ate anything we could get to eat. Each of the boys talked about how homesick he was and mentioned his favorite foods in hopes someone might take pity on them.