First Crusade (1. CE)The spark that set off the Crusades was struck in the East, when. Byzantines first confronted a new Moslem force, the Seljuk. Turks. The Seljuk Turks were originally an Asian horde which, like. Huns of earlier times, had penetrated far into the West. By. the eleventh century the Seljuk Turks controlled much of the Levant. Byzantine concern turned to panic when Turkish forces began expanding.

Asia Minor (modern Turkey). The Byzantines were defeated. Turks at the Battle of Manzikert in 1. Asia Minor. Casting about for. Catholic West. ince Justinian's Gothic Wars, the Byzantines' failure to impose iconoclasm on.

GERMANY, KINGS & emperors v3.2 Updated 19 April 2017. RETURN TO INDEX. TABLE OF CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. KINGS of the EAST FRANKS. But the story of Constantinople as an independent entity begins during the reign of co-emperors Arcadius (c.AD 378-408) and Honorius (AD 385-423), under whom the two.

West, and the ever growing claims of the papacy, Byzantium and. Western Europe had suffered from strained relations. This tension. grew to such a pitch that, by the middle of the eleventh century. CE), they splintered into separate sects: the Catholic.

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Church based in Rome and the Eastern Orthodox Churchs in. Constantinople. The result was that, by the time of the Crusades.

Christians of Western Europe belonged to a different religion. Middle East. To re- open the channels.

Islamicized Mongols poised on Byzantium's borders. The Turkish situation affected Western Europeans as well.

Direct. contacts between Moslems and Western Europeans at this time were. Christian pilgrims making their way to Jerusalem. Holy Places. Before the Turkish takeover, Moslems had not.

As Byzantine- Turkish. Christian pilgrims to pass through Asia Minor and. Syria to reach the Holy Lands. The Byzantine Emperor Alexius.

Comnenus used his conflict with the Turks and its impact on. Western aid. Writing to. Church in Rome, he intentionally spread stories (some aparently. Turkish atrocities against Christians in Asia Minor. This program of measures was part of the. Church's attempt to limit warfare within Christendom.

In Urban's. hands, the Truce of God was remolded into a declaration ending all. Christian fought Christian and deflecting European. Following Urban's ingenious reasoning, the. Crusades were the culmination of a .

It took some. re- reading of the New Testament to find plausible justifications. Holy Book revealed precisely. Church sought. In giving knights a holy vocation and calling them . Instead. of paying penance for murder, killing could spell a sinner's salvation. Christ. such as a Jew or a Moslem. When Urban began to discern how well.

In a spell- binding speech before a crowd of Frankish knights. Urban exhorted his adherents to win back . He cited several of the gory. Alexius Comnenus and ended by bidding them fight.

Deus. le vult!! God wills it! Around the turn of the millennium (ca. CE), destructive. Vikings had abated and, amid the calm.

Europe had repopulated. The crusades were a mechanism. There were political forces at work too.

The Crusades were tied. Investiture Controversy, the struggle for power. Pope and the traditional ruling. From the papal perspective, the kings. Europe had long intruded upon the sacred right of the Pope to. Church's. administration).

In calling the First Crusade, Urban II shifted. Urban. usurped the prerogative of secular rulers to declare an enemy and.

By reinterpreting the Truce of God as a warrant for Europeans to. Moslems and not each other, he also sought to embarrass secular. European wars which were now presented. For centuries. to come the increasing claims of the papacy, generally bolstered. Orthodox Christians and Western scholars A majority of Christian Europeans saw Urban's call- to- arms as a. That. to them, referred not only to the Moslems but also the Jews in Europe.

First Crusade. set off in search of the Holy Lands. After all, good Christians. With this early attempt at genocide, the crusaders. Europe, spreading mayhem wherever they went. The First Crusade had been planned by Pope Urban II and more than.

Council of Clermont. It was preached by Urban. He assured his listeners that God himself. Muslims. He said that Christ commanded it. Even. robbers, he said, should now become soldiers of Christ.

Assured. that God wanted them to participate in a holy war, masses pressed. They looked forward to. Heaven for themselves and to an assured victory. The pope did not appoint a secular. Bishop of. Le Puy. Initial expeditions were led by two churchmen, Peter the. Hermit and Walter the Penniless.

Peter was a monk from Amiens, whose. God and delivered to him by. Jesus. He assured his followers that death in the Crusades provided. Heaven. One German contingent in the Rhine valley was granted a further. God. He sent them an enchanted goose to follow. It led. them to Jewish neighbourhoods of Spier, where they took the divine. Similar massacres followed at.

Worms, Mainz, Metz , Prague, Ratisbon and other cities. These pogroms. completed, Peter the Hermit's army marched through Hungary towards. Turkey. On the way they killed 4,0.

Christians in Zemun (present. Semlin) , pillaged Belgrade, and set fire to the towns around. Ni. They thieved and murdered all the way to Constantinople. He had asked for trained mercenaries. To minimise the risks of.

Once. across the Bosphorus, they continued as before. Marching beyond. Nic. They looted. property, and robbed, tortured, raped and murdered the mainly Christian. However, this time an. Turks arrived and chopped the holy crusaders to pieces. The Christian Emperor was shocked to find his capital.

Western Christians in Holy Week. He developed a. technique for bringing the barbarian Westerners under control by. His technique. was to induce them to swear fealty to him, then swiftly move them. Bosphorus before the next batch arrived. On the far side. of the water their massed forces were no threat to the city.

Apart. from further devastating the countryside they could do little but. Christian enemies. Sieges were laid to a series of Muslim cities.

Crusaders had little. Moslem warriers into besieged cities. After a victory. near Antioch, crusaders brought severed heads back to the besieged.

Hundreds of these heads were shot into the city, and hundreds. A crusader bishop. God. When Muslims. Christians. left them alone. Then in the morning the Christians returned, and. When the crusaders took Antioch in 1. The chronicler Fulcher of Chartres was proud to record.

Time and time again Muslims who surrendered were. This treatment was applied to combatants.

At Albara the population was totally extirpated. Christians, and the mosque converted. Often, the Christians offered to spare those who. Muslim who accepted such a promise. Then after the. battle, the Christians had an easy time: the men could be massacred. Clerics justified this by claiming that Christians. God. At Maarat an- Numan the pattern was repeated.

The slaughter. continued for three days, both Christian and Muslim accounts agreeing. The Christian. account describes how the Muslims. The Muslim account mentions that over 1. When the crusaders captured Jerusalem on the 1. July 1. 09. 9, they.

Jews and Muslims alike, men, women and. Sky Safari Game For Pc Free Download here. The killing continued all night and into the next day. Muslims. sought refuge in the al- Aqsa mosque under the protection of a Christian. In the morning crusaders forced an entry and massacred them.

Arab historian, including a large number. The Temple of Solomon was so full of blood that it. The chronicler Raymond of Aguiliers.

God. Even before. Church of the Holy. Sepulchre . Muslim prisoners were decapitated, shot with. Some were tortured. Neither was this an isolated incident. It was wholly typical. At the end. of the butchery the floor was a lake of blood.

In the whole city. Soon afterwards, there was. Beirut. Such barbarity shocked the Eastern. Christian West that has still. By 1. 10. 1 reinforcements were on the way, under the command of the.

Archbishop of Milan, to support the Frankish crusaders already in. Holy Land. Mainly Lombards, the new troops lived up to the record. French and German predecessors, robbing and killing Christians. Byzantine Emperor for the consequences. At the first engagement with the enemy. As Sir Steven Runciman, a leading. Byzantines were .

They also questioned the crusaders. The crusaders had purportedly.