Court Rules the FAA Has to Come Up With a Less Bullshit Reason Not to Regulate Airplane Seat Sizes. It’s no secret that airline travel is more miserable than ever, with increasing lengths of time spent on the tarmac, “family fees,” lines to pass through security growing and growing, and the increasing prospect of being manhandled by said security. If you manage to avoid any of those problems, you’re still virtually guaranteed to be packed like a sardine into a seat so tiny you’ll be lucky if you’re not making skin contact with your fellow passengers. Congress predictably failed to address the issue in 2. But an appeals court in Washington, D.

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C., ruled on Friday that the Federal Aviation Administration must reconsider its stance that the diminishing size of airline seating is not a safety issue and thus not its responsibility to regulate, adding the FAA had relied on junk science to reach its decision.“This is the case of the incredible shrinking airline seat,” federal circuit court judge Patricia Millet said in her decision, according to CNN Money.

Crime Scene Training: Crime Scene Investigation. A Systematic Approach for Investigating. By Jennifer. A. Johnson, Ph. D., John David Reitzel, Ph. D., Bryan F. Norwood, David M. Brian Cummings, and Renee R.

Tate Social. network analysis (SNA) is often confused with social networking sites, such as. Facebook, when in fact, SNA is an analytical tool that can be used to map and. Through quantitative metrics and robust visual. SNA to discover, analyze, and visualize the social networks.

SNA, a. social science methodology, serves as a valuable tool for law enforcement. Using available. data, police departments structure the examination of an offender’s social. Social. network analysis provides a systematic approach for investigating large amounts. Manual. examination of social networks tends to be difficult, time consuming, and. SNA provides a systematic approach.

It. improves law enforcement effectiveness and efficiency by using complex. This often. leads to improved clearance rates for many crimes and development of better.

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SNA derives. its value from human organization and social interaction for criminal and. Social networks sometimes promote illegal behavior (e. They can provide a source for illicit drug and pornography.

The networks may supply an essential. Social. networks that enable crime are not mutually exclusive from the networks of law- . They are interspersed within these communities, drawing. The influence of social networks in producing criminal behavior. Theory and. Method SNA is a. The. approach indicates that actors are positioned in and influenced by a larger. Methodologically, it provides a precise, quantitative tool.

Three points. of data—two actors and the tie or link between them—comprise the basic unit of. Actors “nodes” are people, organizations, computers, or any other.

Relationships. “ties, connections, or edges” between nodes represent types of exchange, such. SNA focuses on both. This. analysis produces two forms of output, one visual and the other mathematical. The. visual consists of a map or rendering of the network, called a social network.

In larger. networks, key nodes are more difficult to identify; therefore, the analysis. SNA. The. centrality of nodes, such as those representing offenders, identifies the. It indicates. their importance to the criminal system, role, level of activity, control over. Basic centrality metrics provide. Nodes are rank ordered according to their centrality, with those at. These measures cannot tell an analyst. The value and actionable intelligence of each of these metrics is.

Case Study. Social. In January. 2. 00. SNA into the precinct- level crime analysis methodologies of the. Richmond, Virginia, Police Department (RPD). Participants included. RPD, a university sociologist, and a software designer.

The. goal was for the research team, comprised of the sociologist and the software. SNA would be in solving. Researchers. needed to determine what initiated violence between two groups of previously. Several persons of interest, at one time on good terms. The source of the violence was not. They wanted to know if SNA.

The research. team received access to RPD’s records management system to obtain information. Flash Element Td 2 Hacked Version Games more. The police provided no other background.

The research team did not meet or discuss the. Analysis was done off- site, and the. Using 2. 4. persons of interest labeled by a gang unit detective as “seeds”—starting. October 2. 00. 8, proceeding four. The connections were categorized by incident type—common incident. Positive. ties included a cooperative relationship between individuals, such as having. Negative ties. indicated hostile relationships, such as those between a victim and offender.

Four networks resulted. The networks included. This involved 4. 34 individuals and 1,7. Several weak spots existed where a single node connected regions of the. Using SNA. software, an analyst quickly produced a visual representation, including names. Through visual analysis and examination of the metric of. The metric. pointed to critical junctures in the network that revealed interpersonal.

Two powerful. male gang members reportedly had a positive relationship in October of 2. April 2. 00. 8, one victimized a female friend of the other.

During the. same incident, this male also victimized the female friend of another male. In other words. boys were fighting over girls. Quantitative. metrics provided additional information identifying the powerful players in. By rank ordering the individuals according to their centrality. Cambridge Latin Course 3 Download more. The metrics also helped unit.

Many of the nodes. SNA metric. The police already. The knowledge of the detectives, which the research. Officers confirmed that the. Detectives. acknowledged that they would have solved the case more quickly and easily if. This feedback. validated the worth of the approach and the usefulness of SNA and moved the.

Precinct- level crime analysts received training in. SNA through a 3. 6- hour, in- house seminar.

Through lectures and hands- on. SNA to meet their needs. Within 2 weeks of. SNA in several cases, including an. In the. shooting incident, the analyst used SNA to provide data on an associate of the. The. analyst provided that information to the detective who used it to locate and.

This, combined with other social and financial. Another case. involved a string of convenience store robberies. Using an SNA map of a. The analyst and a colleague identified one of the seed names as a.

Through. cooperation and an SNA social diagram, they pieced together robberies not. The chart provided a source where they quickly, easily, and. Social. Network Diagrams. Social. network diagrams have become a method for RPD to use social relationships among. Renowned for its technological innovation and. RPD has found SNA effective in facilitating better.

SNA enabled the. department to significantly increase crime clearance rates and reduce violence. Prior to the. SNA training, analysts conceptualized a series of “star” networks with an “ego”.

To understand the. In the end, the analyst faced a series of. Through training. In the. shooting case, the detective used the network analysis to apply pressure to the.

Mounting social and financial pressures, ultimately. In the convenience store robberies, an SNA. If SNA had been available to analysts in other. Analysis. The cases. SNA in developing law enforcement. The pilot project demonstrated how SNA. The research team.

Using visual analysis and without any subject matter knowledge. SNA to reveal behavioral motivation rooted in complex.

The project provided confirmation of the. These two. cases produced actionable results, illustrating how SNA can facilitate a. The. academic research on policing indicated that one of the biggest hurdles in. Each case. described illustrates how SNA and social network diagrams function as a common.

Analysts used the charts visually to depict their analysis, which. The analysts. provided something new to the detectives, thus, aiding each investigation. The visual. and quantitative output of SNA helps solve institutional memory issues. By. producing a current overview, SNA allows new analysts to grasp the present. It assists experienced analysts in maintaining an. Law. enforcement agencies, such as RPD, benefit from having access to structured.

Analysts reliably map changes in the network. Through this dynamic procedure.

Conclusion. Law. enforcement agencies have come a long way from pinpoint mapping. The. technological advancements in recent years can provide personnel more. Social network analysis demonstrated its utility and effectiveness as. With the support. SNA becomes reliable across time, data, analysts, and.

Click Here to Sign Up for Email Alerts. The authors. commend and recognize the Richmond, Virginia, Police Department’s Crime. Analysis Unit for its critical role and ongoing cooperation in the research and. Dr. Johnson. is an associate professor of sociology at Virginia Commonwealth University in. Richmond. Dr. Reitzel. Virginia Commonwealth. University in Richmond.